Which are sympathetic nervous system compensatory mechanisms of the body for heart failure? (Select all that apply.)
a. Increased heart rate
b. Decreased respiratory rate
c. Increased contractility
d. Decreased body temperature
e. Increased cardiac output
A, C, E
The sympathetic nervous system releases the catecholamine hormones epinephrine and norepi-nephrine, which act on the heart in two ways. First they increase the heart rate, and second they increase the power of the heart muscle fibers to contract so that the heart pumps more forcefully. These actions increase cardiac output.
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