Compare and contrast immediate hypersensitivity response to delayed hypersensitivity response
a. How are they alike, and how do they differ?
b. What are the symptoms they manifest?
c. What are some treatments for these?
d. How would you manage a client with allergies?
e. What are the diagnostic tests for allergies, delayed or immediate?
Students' answers should include the following:
a. Immediate hypersensitivity responses (type I, type II, type III) are due to antibodies interacting with allergens, occurring rapidly.
There are four types of sensitivity or allergic reactions:
• Type I is atopic or anaphylactic; the most severe form.
• Type II is cytotoxic or mediated by immunoglobulin M or G (IgM or IgG) antibodies.
• Type III is an immune complex mediated by IgG antibodies.
• Type IV is a hypersensitive response.
b. Type I occurs with severe swelling of face, neck, lips, larynx, hands, feet, genitals, and internal organs; hypotension; bronchoconstriction; later shock, then death.
Watery eyes, sneezing, nasal bronchial secretions, hives, and dark areas under eyes, referred to as allergic shiners
c. Treatment includes removal of offending source, antihistamines, and epinephrine for anaphylactic shock until client gets to hospital or ED
d. Medical management treats symptoms, avoiding allergen if possible.
Desensitization is a possible form of immunotherapy.
e. Diagnostic tests, elevated eosinophils, and RAST test with a score of 2 or greater
Skin test with extracts
Scratch or prick test
Patch test
Intradermal injection test
May develop polyps in nasal passages from allergens
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