The concentration effect takes place when which of the following occurs?
a. Stable neighborhoods, even those with a high rate of poverty, experience relatively low crime rates and have the strength to restrict substance abuse and criminal activity.
b. Neighborhoods most at risk for increased crime contain large numbers of single-parent families and unrelated people living together.
c. A culture develops that dictates neighborhood youths' standards of dress, language, and behavior, which are in opposition to those of conventional society.
d. Working-class and middle-class families flee inner-city, poverty-ridden areas, and the most disadvantaged population is consolidated in urban ghettos.
Answer: d. Working-class and middle-class families flee inner-city, poverty-ridden areas, and the most disadvantaged population is consolidated in urban ghettos.
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