Which of the following is NOT one of the ways Islam helped strengthen the authority of ruling elites as it spread across the African continent?
a. Introduction of the written word, which streamlined political administration
b. Conversion of a majority of commoners, creating a new basis for unity across all classes
c. Ability to access goods from distant lands through Islamic trade networks
d. Absorption of techniques of rule from wider Islamic civilization
e. Ability to facilitate access to distant markets where African raw materials were in demand
Answer: b. Conversion of a majority of commoners, creating a new basis for unity across all classes
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