What three ethical principles did the Belmont Report establish? What overlap do you see between these three principles and the general principles in the APA Code of Ethics?
What will be an ideal response?
Ans: The three ethical principles established in the Belmont Report were respect for persons, justice, and beneficence. Respect for persons is the leading principle, which addresses two ethical guidelines. First, individuals should be seen as autonomous agents who can make their own decisions and must be given the opportunity to do so. This means that anyone participating in research needs to be told enough to make an informed decision, and they need to feel that participating is voluntary. They can say no, if they want to, at any time, without penalty. Also, this means that if a person is not capable of making a decision for himself, someone else who has his best interests at heart, will do so for him. The second principle is beneficence. This means research should have as its guiding principle the well-being of the participants. The basic idea is to do no harm or at least maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms. For example, it is pretty important to study the perception of pain in the elderly and perhaps even in those who cannot speak for themselves because of illness. Studying pain in a very mild way might be able to help surgeons and other medical professionals prevent greater pain if they know the signs to look for and avoid. The third principle is justice. This basically means that risks and benefits should be distributed equally across participants. One group should not be harmed and the others not. If this is what is being studied, the risks need to somehow be balanced in the long run. Also, when selecting participants, we should not take advantage of a particular group because they are easy to get to or desperate for money—which certainly highlights the overuse of undergraduates, does not it? Overall, the conclusion is that we should treat people in our studies as people. Not just as research subjects.
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