The nurse is caring for a patient with a traumatic brain injury. What should the nurse recognize as manifestations of early increased intracranial pressure (ICP)? (Select all that apply.)
a. Amnesia
b. Headache
c. Drowsiness
d. Decreased pulse rate
e. Nausea and vomiting
f. Dilated nonreactive pupils
ANS: A, B, C, E
Headache, nausea/vomiting, amnesia, drowsiness, change in level of consciousness, and changes in speech are early signs and symptoms of increased ICP. D. F. Decreased pulse rate and dilated nonreactive pupils are late manifestations of ICP.
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