Which of the following is a case of parent-offspring conflict?
a. any amount of brood care that reduces a parent's direct fitness
b. any brood care that maximizes an offspring's inclusive fitness
c. any diversion of brood care from present to future offspring
d. none of the above
D
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Which of the following is the greatest threat to biodiversity?
A) overharvesting of commercially important species B) introduced species that compete with native species C) pollution of Earth's air, water, and soil D) disruption of trophic relationships as more and more prey species become extinct E) habitat alteration, fragmentation, and destruction
Which of the listed contraceptive methods is the most effective?
a. withdrawal b. diaphragm c. condoms d. douching e. rhythm method
Primary carnivores are
a. tertiary consumers in the second trophic level. b. secondary consumers in the third trophic level. c. secondary consumers in the second trophic level. d. tertiary consumers in the fourth trophic level. e. secondary consumers in the first trophic level.
Modifications of previous behavior based on experience represent
A. learning. B. adaptations. C. fixed actions. D. external stimuli.