Which of the following is not one of the three criteria for causality, according to the text?
a. All of the above are criteria for causality.
b. The two variables must be empirically correlated with one another.
c. The observed empirical correlation is not spurious.
d. The cause must precede the effect in time.
Answer: a. All of the above are criteria for causality.
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The attenuation or purged taint exception evaluates whether the causal connection between the illegal action and the seizure of evidence is sufficiently attenuated
a. True b. False
Writing about the plague at the end of the 17th century, ______ (1977) describes how certain areas of a town were cordoned off and kept under continuous vigil with guards inspecting every part of the town to ensure that no-one escaped to spread the disease further.
a. Jermy Bentham b. Michel Foucault c. Cesare Lombroso d. Cesare Beccaria
According to the Supreme Court, which of the following types of evidence is protected by the Fifth Amendment?
A. evidence of a communicative nature B. physical evidence such as blood and voice exemplars C. DNA evidence D. All these answers are correct.
Police are least likely to arrest the suspect when ______.
a. they themselves initiate the call b. the victim is hostile toward the suspect c. the suspect is hostile d. they are summoned to a call