Outline the four characteristics of cancer. What will be an ideal response?
The four characteristics of cancer are that (1) it begins in a single cell; (2) a cell becomes cancerous after it accumulates a number of specific mutations over a period of time; (3) once
formed, cancer cells divide continuously, mutations accumulate, and the cancer may grow
more aggressive over time; and (4) cancer cells are invasive and can infiltrate surrounding
tissues and detach from the primary tumor, move to other sites in the body, and form new
malignant tumors.
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The toxic lipopolysaccharides produced by MOST gram-negative bacteria are called exotoxins
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
Melanocytes ultimately arise from
A. the endoderm. B. the mesoderm. C. the ectoderm. D. the notochord. E. the neural tube.
Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode that scientists have shown grows from a single cell into about 1000 cells, of which the same 80 cells die during development through apoptosis. Studying this process in Caenorhabditis elegans has helped scientists identify the genes that regulate similar processes in humans. Which of the following statements is supported by this observation?
A. Caenorhabditis elegans have all of the same genes as humans. B. Caenorhabditis elegans give live birth like humans. C. Caenorhabditis elegans and humans have a common ancestor. D. Caenorhabditis elegans infections in humans trigger apoptosis. E. Caenorhabditis elegans has the same organs that are present in humans.
Fever is caused by
A) increased blood flow to the brain. B) the release of histamine by damaged cells. C) the effect of pyrogens on the hypothalamus. D) decreased white blood cell count in the bloodstream.