When lecturing to a group of students about the pathophysiological principles behind heart failure, the instructor explains that cardiac output represents:
A) Strength of the right ventricular pump to move blood
B) The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute
C) The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat
D) The volume of blood stretching the heart muscle at the end of diastole
Ans: B
Feedback:
Cardiac output, which is the major determinant of cardiac performance, reflects how often the heart beats each minute (heart rate) and how much blood it ejects with each beat (stroke volume). Preload reflects the volume of blood that stretches the ventricle at the end of diastole, just before the onset of systole.
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