Discuss the development of gender identity in middle childhood, including the self-evaluations that affect adjustment
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Children who were strongly gender-typed relative to their agemates in early childhood usually remain so in middle childhood. Nevertheless, overall changes do occur, with boys' and girls' gender identities following different paths. From third to sixth grade, boys tend to strengthen their identification with "masculine" personality traits, whereas girls' identification with "feminine" traits declines. Girls often describe themselves as having some "other-gender" characteristics. And whereas boys usually stick to "masculine" pursuits, many girls experiment with a wider range of options—from cooking and sewing to sports and science projects—and more often consider traditionally male future work roles, such as firefighter or astronomer. These changes reflect a mixture of cognitive and social forces. School-age children of both sexes are aware that society attaches greater prestige to "masculine" characteristics. For example, they rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations, and an unfamiliar job as higher in status when portrayed with a male worker than a female worker. Messages from adults and peers are also influential. Parents are especially disapproving when sons, as opposed to daughters, cross gender lines. Simiarly, a tomboyish girl can interact with boys without losing the approval of her female peers, but a boy who hangs out with girls is likely to be ridiculed and rejected.
As school-age children make social comparisons and characterize themselves in terms of stable dispositions, their gender identity expands to include the following self-evaluations, which greatly affect their adjustment:
• Gender typicality—the degree to which the child feels similar to others of the same gender.
• Gender contentedness—the degree to which the child feels comfortable with his or her gender assignment.
• Felt pressure to conform to gender roles—the degree to which the child feels parents and peers disapprove of his or her gender-related traits.
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The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that
A. life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. B. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. C. people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. D. our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.
Which of the following statements is Answer: False concerning the sanctity-of-life perspective on euthanasia?
a. It would oppose active euthanasia. b. It would have a built-in bias against the disabled and mentally impaired. c. It would reject suicide and self-deliverance. d. It would contend that all "natural" life has intrinsic meaning and should be appreciated as a divine gift. e. It would support the Hippocratic tradition in medicine.
You are baffled about how to untangle the influence of heredity and environment on intelligence. According to your text, you should ____.?
a. ?do a longitudinal study where you give people IQ tests every two years from infancy to early adulthood b. ?calculate the IQ of parents and their offspring, which would show the influence of the environment c. ?measure and compare the IQs of identical twins, of fraternal twins, and of siblings reared either together or separately d. ?map the genes responsible for intelligence
In the _______________ design, the people used for the pretest are not the same as the people used for the posttest
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word