_______________ can be either general or specific. It is general when it is intended to cause vicarious learning whereby observers see that offenders are punished for a given crime and therefore themselves are discouraged from committing a like mannered crime due to fear of similar punishment. It is specific when the punishment is inflicted upon a specific offender in the hope that the particular offender will be discouraged from committing future crimes.

a. Deterrence
b. Retribution
c. Rehabilitation
d. Incapacitation


a. Deterrence

Criminal Justice

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