The school nurse is teaching parents of school-age children ways to avoid transmitting disease. Which portal of entry is involved in spreading disease by direct entry?
A) Ingesting infected food
B) Inhaling droplets from an infected person
C) Sharing needles
D) Entering through a wound in the skin
D) Entering through a wound in the skin
Explanation: A) Enteric pathogens enter the host by ingestion of contaminated food. Certain foods are more suitable for microbial growth, and under appropriate environmental conditions, this growth is nourished. Common cases of food poisoning occur in this manner when pathogens such as Salmonella or Escherichia coli are transmitted from eating undercooked eggs or meats or contaminated fruits or vegetables. Other bacteria, such as Clostridia botulinum, grow best in anaerobic acidic foods.
B) Respiratory pathogens are commonly transmitted from droplets of fluid that are released into the environment by an infected person during activities such talking, coughing, spitting, sneezing, or even singing. The infectious agents in these droplets enter the body of another person through the eyes, nose, or mouth.
C) When needles are shared, such as in IV drug use, pathogens can be injected into the bloodstream.
D) Direct entry of a pathogen may occur when a wound becomes contaminated, such as with soil containing the spores of Clostridium tetani (which causes tetanus).
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Before electroencephalography, a client asks, "Why will I be asked to take deep breaths during the procedure?" How does the nurse respond?
a. "Hyperventilation causes cerebral vasodi-latation and increases the likelihood of seizure activity." b. "Hyperventilation causes cerebral vaso-constriction and increases the likelihood of seizure activity." c. "Deep breathing will keep you relaxed and will lower the seizure threshold." d. "Deep breathing will make you hypox-emic, which lowers the seizure threshold."
The nurse is screening a patient who will be taking a nonspecific/nonselective beta blocker. Which condition, if present, may cause serious problems if the patient takes this medication?
a. Angina b. Hypertension c. Glaucoma d. Asthma
When preparing to test a patient for meningeal irritation, which of the following would be most important for the nurse to do first?
A) Check for evidence of fever and chills B) Ensure no injury to the cervical spine C) Position the patient prone D) Check for a Babinski reflex
The nurse is caring for four clients who are simultaneously being treated for chronic medical conditions and psychiatric conditions. Which client would the nurse anticipate as being most resistive to taking medications for both conditions?
A) Male client who is exhibiting push of speech B) Female client who is having difficulty sleeping C) Male client who is convinced he is the president's twin brother D) Female client who cannot establish and maintain eye contact