A virus's nucleocapsid is sometimes covered with a(n):
a. capsid.
b. virion.
c. organic material.
d. envelope.
e. membrane.
D
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The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed from one state to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Taking this into consideration, what can be said about the energy transferred between levels in a trophic pyramid?
A. Some of the energy in a trophic level is converted to heat and is unavailable to the next level. B. All the energy is transferred between trophic levels because components that have no energy, that is, light, are used to create the energy in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates. C. All the energy necessary for a trophic level is transferred. Because there is less biomass at each trophic level, less energy needs to be transferred. D. Some of the energy is held in one trophic level, and only the energy needed to support the smaller biomass at a higher level is transferred. E. Organisms at higher trophic levels only consume the energy they need from lower trophic levels, leaving a "bank" of energy to support the higher level when food is scarce.
Lactobacillus contributes to the antimicrobial defenses for the adult female reproductive tract by making lactic acid to lower the pH.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Two small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not
Compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat should have _____. A) lower numbers of bacteria B) reduced rates of decomposition C) reduced oxygen content D) less-acidic water
John Tyndall demonstrated that microorganisms present in the air are carried on dust particles.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)