Program evaluators seek to estimate the causal effect of a program (X) on an outcome (Y) using observational data. The evaluators attempt to adjust their estimate for common causes (Z) that influence both X and Y. In this evaluation, the common causes (Z) are best described as
a. Intervening variables
b. Independent variables
c. Control variables
d. All of the above
c. Control variables
You might also like to view...
Which of the following men do we usually associate with the rise of the modern presidency in American politics?
A. Franklin Delano Roosevelt B. Herbert Hoover C. Ronald Reagan D. Theodore Roosevelt
In 1920, Missouri was admitted into the union as a free state
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
In terms of money spent on lobbying, the most powerful and influential professional interest group is the
A) American Bar Association (ABA). B) American Medical Association (AMA). C) Association of General Contractors of America (AGC of America). D) Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). E) National Education Association (NEA).
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Conservatives tend to oppose same-sex marriage. Paul is a conservative. Therefore Paul opposes same-sex marriage. 2. A measure is said to be reliable when it accurately measures the concept being studied. 3. An interviewer who records a respondent’s answer incorrectly has introduced random measurement error into the research. 4. In a study of the presidency, presidential speeches are an example of a unit of analysis.