Which of the following is not part of the three-part test in determining "imminent lawless action"?
a. The speaker subjectively intended incitement.
b. In context, the words used were likely to produce imminent, lawless action.
c. The words used by the speaker objectively encouraged and urged incitement.
d. The words used by the speaker caused excitement.
d
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Blacks have been overrepresented in prisons since what period?
A. 1700s B. 1800s C. 1900s D. 2000s
Ben interviews ten juvenile gang members and discovers that most regularly carry weapons. Based on this information, he argues that all juvenile gang members carry weapons. This is an example of:
a. Careful observation b. Systematic reasoning c. Overgeneralization d. Inaccurate observation
Which one of the following statements most nearly typifies the attitudes of federal courts of appeals with respect to prosecutions under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 (Clean Water Act)?
a. Lower courts must dismiss prosecutions and relegate enforcement to civil means. b. Courts hold responsible a corporate officer of a company violating provisions of the Act, but only where the evidence clearly discloses a willful violation by that officer. c. Courts should construe broadly the penal provisions of the Act and hold responsible a corporate officer or one who is in a supervisory role who is aware of "conscious wrongdoing" under the Act. d. Courts must narrowly construe the Act's provisions and limit criminal prosecutions to the president or chief executive officer of a corporation.
Which of the following is NOT a justification for community-based corrections?
a. It satisfies the correctional goal of retribution. b. It assists offenders in reintegration. c. It diverts offenders from prison. d. It presents low-cost alternative to incarceration.