Review some of Japan's significant contributions to COPPS, including what Bayley and Skolnick state are the four core elements of those contributions

Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

According to Jerome Skolnick and David Bayley, four elements seem to be at the core of this philosophy: (1) community-based crime prevention, (2) reorientation of patrol activities to emphasize nonemergency servicing, (3) increased accountability to the public, and (4) decentralization of command. Japanese neighborhood crime prevention associations have generally given Japanese culture a much closer relationship between people and their neighbors. The community policing philosophy is embedded in its long-standing koban system. Police boxes (the koban) and residential police boxes (known as chuzaisho) are located in sub-districts of the station, are the focal points of community police activities, serve as the "Community Safety Center" for local residents, and play a leading role in linking the people and local government bodies. Outside their koban and chuzaisho, police officers patrol their beats either on foot, by bicycle or by car. There are also mobile police boxes. Koban officers know of crimes, people working late at night, who own guns or swords, and where rented homes and apartments are that might serve as hideouts for fugitives; they know of people with mental illness, organizational charts of gangs in the police station jurisdiction, names of elderly people in the area living alone, and where all bars, restaurants, and amusement facilities are in the jurisdiction. In general, Japanese police are constantly watchful of, informed about, and involved with the people in their neighborhoods.