Ms. Salmendos came to the clinic with her 12-year-old daughter, Melissa, for a school checkup. She tells the nurse that she is on a vitamin regime that she began about 8 months ago. She says that she feels great, except for the occasional stomach upset and that she plans to start her daughter on a teen plan when she turns 13. She takes these vitamins: vitamins A, D, E, K, B complex that includes
B6, thiamine, folate, and niacin, and C.
What can you tell Ms. Salmendos about the toxic effects of these vitamins?
Vitamin A-birth defects, hair loss, dry skin, headaches, nausea, dry mucous membranes, bone and joint pain
Vitamin D-deposits of calcium and phosphorus in soft tissues, kidney and heart disease, and bone fragility
Vitamin E-relatively nontoxic and the excess is stored in adipose tissue
Vitamin K-a form of anemia
B complex that includes B6, thiamine, folate, and niacin:
B6-depression, nerve damage
Thiamine-no known ill effects from excess oral route
Niacin-vasodilation of blood vessels
Folate-could mask a B12 deficiency
Vitamin C-elevated uric acid level, kidney stones, hemolytic anemia, and rebound scurvy
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Oxidized starches
a. are more viscous than cross-linked starches. b. are cloudier than cross-linked starches. c. are not appropriate for use as stabilizers and emulsifiers. d. are ideal for dusting foods such as marshmallows because of their powder-like consistency.
Examples of nonspecific signs and symptoms from insufficient or excessive intakes of nutrients or energy include all of the following EXCEPT:
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? LK is a 40-year-old female s/p gastric resection 2 weeks ago due to a perforated ulcer from complicated PUD. Prior to her surgery, she was experiencing severe pain and had an upset stomach. She is now complaining of persistent diarrhea after she eats. HT: 5'4" WT: 170# Usual intake: Diet: NPO AM juice and fruit Snack toast with butter Noon half a tuna sandwich Snack granola bar, Gatorade PM mashed potatoes with gravy Snack ice cream ? What is the most likely cause of LK's persistent diarrhea?
A. hiatal hernia B. dumping syndrome C. dehydration D. gastroesophageal reflux E. gastroparesis