Historically, what has typically been the biggest flaw in studies examining the effect of nicotine on human performance?

a. Studies often require participants to smoke cigarettes that are not their usual brand.
b. Studies often use denicotinized cigarettes as a control condition.
c. Studies often instruct participants with regard to the number, duration, and timing of cigarette puffs so that the smoking behavior is unnatural.
d. Studies often use participants who are nonsmokers.
e. Studies often use participants who are smokers and have been deprived of nicotine for a number of hours.


Answer: E

Psychology

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