Outline the four stages a country may go through according to modernization theory.
What will be an ideal response?
Ans: Modernization theory: a market-oriented development theory that envisions development as evolutionary and guided by “modern” institutions, practices, and cultures. Affluent states have “modern” institutions, markets, and worldviews; they emulate the democratic and capitalist states of the West. Economically underdeveloped states can progress if they adopt Western institutions, markets, and worldviews. (1) The traditional stage: present and past time oriented, embrace tradition over innovation. Development limited by low rates of savings and investment, work orientation elevates subsistence over ambition and prosperity. Traditional beliefs about women’s roles hinder their educational attainment and access to the labor market. Cultural norm that stifles national development, as it keeps a segment of the population that could potentially constitute half of the workforce (women) from contributing its talents and skills. (2) The takeoff stage: moving away from traditional cultural norms, practices, and institutions and embracing economic development with a sense of purpose and growing practices of savings and investment. (3) In flight with technological progress and cultural modernity: technology spreads to areas such as agriculture and industry, innovation is increasing, and resistance to change is declining. Many people are adopting “modern” cultural values. Advanced countries facilitate these processes by offering advice and money. Progress may take the form of industrialization, which drives greater urbanization, as rural dwellers leave poor agricultural areas to seek their fortunes in cities. It may also be accompanied by lower fertility, driven by the increased use of contraception, as opportunities for women grow in education and the labor market. (4) The stage of high mass consumption and high living standards: greater emphasis on the satisfaction of consumer desires as new affluence expands the ranks of those with disposable income.
KEY: Learning Objective: 8.4: Apply theoretical perspectives to analyze the existence and persistence of global inequality.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Theoretical Perspectives on Global Inequality
Difficulty Level: Hard
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