Which of the following are considered portals of exit in the chain of infection? (Select all that apply.)
1. A bleeding cut
2. A hardy sneeze
3. A kiss on the lips
4. A urinary catheter
5. A scraped knuckle
6. A friendly handshake
ANS: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
After microorganisms find a site to grow and multiply, they must find a portal of exit if they are to enter another host and cause disease. Portals of exit include sites such as blood, skin/mucous membranes, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, and transplacental (mother to fetus). Unless the skin of the hands was broken (not intact), this contact would not be consid-ered a portal of exit.
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