Describe a typical physiologist's explanation of shivering
What will be an ideal response?
A physiologist's explanation of shivering is that when temperature-sensitive nerve cells detect a fall in body temperature, they signal the area in the brain responsible for temperature regulation. In response, this brain area activates nerve pathways that ultimately bring about involuntary, oscillating muscle contractions, which is commonly referred to as shivering.
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The clavicles
A) are the strongest bones in the body. B) are part of the axial skeleton. C) provide attachments for muscles of the back, chest, and upper limbs. D) provide attachments for muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs.
The sensor-receptive cells in the retina that function best in dim light and provide black-and-white images in dark conditions are the ________.
A. irises B. pupils C. rods D. cones
Changes in blood volume are detected by ________.
A. osmoreceptors in the medulla B. cells in the proximal convoluted tubule C. stretch receptors in the atria D. osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Draw a flow chart illustrating the development of bipotential reproductive structures in an XY individual and an XX individual, indicating the stimuli for development or regression of the structures. Add to this chart the changes that occur at puberty and their stimuli. Finally, indicate the points on the chart at which gender anomalies associated with the following conditions occur:
A. testicular feminization or androgen insensitivity (XY genotype, permanent female external morphology with internal testes and androgen production but faulty androgen receptors); B. male pseudohermaphrodites (XY genotype and external female morphology with internal testes, and masculinization occurring at puberty); C. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (XX genotype with normal female internal organs, masculinized external organs observed at birth); D. sexual development is similar in nonhuman mammals, but there are some interesting pathologies not seen in humans. A freemartin occurs in cattle twins, with one male and one female. The male is normal but the XX female is sterile, born masculinized, and has testicular tissue. Explain the most likely cause of this masculinized phenotype, and indicate on your chart the point or points at which something abnormal occurred.