What rule requires that any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt?
a. The Booker rule
b. The Blakely rule
c. The Apprendi rule
d. The Gall rule
c
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Under COPPS, officers have less discretion and decision making authority
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
A person reads a study that finds police agencies in the South are more likely to have excessive force complaints filed against them. From this study, the person concludes that Southern police officers are more likely to use excessive force. This is an example of ______.
A. a nomothetic explanation B. an idiographic explanation C. reductionism D. an ecological fallacy
According to Travis Hirschi, most people do not commit crime because they ______.
a. are afraid of the consequences b. understand it is wrong c. are focused on their future d. have strong bonds to society
__________ acknowledges both continuity and change over time, and examines processes of activation, aggravation, and desistance
a. Temporal-boundary criminology b. Developmental criminology c. Criminal propensity theory d. Evolutionary theory