Why did the Supreme Court strike down an affirmative action program in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) but uphold a different affirmative action program in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?
a. The Gratz program was predicated on promoting diversity, while the Grutter program was predicated on remedying past discrimination.
b. The Gratz program used race as a "plus factor," while the Grutter program relied on a race-based quota system.
c. The Gratz program used a mechanical, point-based system, while the Grutter program used race as part of an individualized, holistic review.
d. The Gratz program classified applicants by race, while the Grutter program classified applicants by ethnicity.
Answer: c
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What strategy did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) successfully use to fight against school segregation?
a. boycotts – b. protests c. litigation d. marches and rallies
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Indicate whether the statement is true or false
According to Barrington Moore, Jr., democracy emerged
first in European countries where: a. the middle class was weak and the working class large and strong. b. the landed nobility was weak and the working class large and strong. c. the middle class could work effectively with the landed nobility. d. the middle class was strong and allied with lower classes.