Does cognitive development precede language development or does language development precede cognitive development?
What will be an ideal response?
The answer is neither. Piaget believed that cognitive development precedes language development. He argued that children must understand concepts before they use words to describe them. Some studies support this notion, but other research suggests that young children need to experience an action themselves or by observation to learn the meaning of a verb. Other theorists believe that children create cognitive classes to understand things that are labeled by words. But today most developmentalists find something of value in each of these cognitive views. In the early stages of language development concepts often precede words, and many of the infant's words describe classes that have already developed. But later language influence thoughts. Vygotsky believed in this approach. He thought that during most of the first year, vocalizations and thoughts are separate, but during the second year, thought and speech combine forces.
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Classical conditioning is to ____ responses as operant conditioning is to ____
a. voluntary; involuntary b. reflexive; involuntary c. involuntary; reflexive d. reflexive; voluntary
Who among the following is exhibiting a nonverbal behavior?
a) Christina reads the rules from a toy manual to her 7-year old son Kurt. b) Peter gives a pat on the back to Meg to show that he is impressed with her work. c) Eddie writes on a piece of paper the system of rules governing how words should be strung together and gives it to Vicky. d) Lois uses honorofic speech forms to make Clarke understand that she runs the company.
Which of the following is an example of a trait?
a. Depression b. Fear c. Pessimism d. Anger
In our society, what advantages might androgynous individuals have compared to those who are strongly characterized by sex-typed thinking?
a. higher cognitive flexibility b. strong identity c. weak identity d. lower cognitive flexibility e. biological differences