The category describing the drug-crime relationship as drug use and criminal behavior as part of a generally deviant way of life, categorized by lack of conventional activity and exposure to criminal risk factor is:
a. drug-defined crime
b. drug-related crime
c. drug-using lifestyle
d. drug addiction
b. drug-related crime
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Which of the following arguments has not been made in favor of moral appeals to promote taxpayer compliance?
a. They are relatively inexpensive b. They may reach some potential offenders who could not be reached in other ways c. They are politically appealing d. They are demonstrably more effective in all cases
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. “Controlled vengeance” is about the state taking responsibility for punishing wrongdoers from the individuals who were wronged. 2. Retributive justice is driven by simple deterrence and is humanistic and tolerant. 3. Enrico Ferri believed the purpose of punishment was to rehabilitate offenders. 4. Severity of punishment is the most effective element in deterrence. 5. The contrast effect compares the possible punishment for a crime to the life experience of the individual to be punished.
Arnold refused to take a drug test, which was one of the rules on his probation contract. He committed what type of violation?
A. legal B. infraction C. parole D. technical
Which of the following private efforts is NOT one of the efforts used to combat cyber crime?
a. the creation of laws b. encryption c. firewalls d. patches