Risk factors for the development of bladder cancer include which of the below? (select all that apply.)
a. high fluid consump-tion d. chronic bladder in-flammation
b. genetics e. working with paint products
c. smoking f. birth defects of the bladder
B, C, D, E, F
There are several risk factors for the development of bladder cancer. The main risk factor is cigarette smoking. Individuals who smoke nicotine products have twice the risk of developing bladder cancer as do nonsmokers. The carcinogens from the cigarette smoke enter into the bloodstream and are filtered by the liver and sent to the kidneys for excretion. The carcinogens then accumulate in the bladder as the urine awaits excretion. Other risk factors include working with dyes, rubber, leather, or paint products; arsenic in drinking water; genetics; bladder birth defects; low fluid consumption; chemotherapy and radiation therapy; and chronic bladder inflammation.
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