Some researchers have hypothesized that type II diabetes mellitus is caused by a mitochondrial defect. Which of the following would be the best way for them to study mitochondrial differences in fresh tissue samples from diabetic and nondiabetic mice?
A) Mitochondria could be identified and isolated from other cellular components using immunofluorescence microscopy in both tissues.
B) Mitochondria are the only organelles that survive tissue homogenization, thus both tissues could be homogenized to study the mitochondria.
C) Mitochondria from both tissues could be isolated from other cellular components by using proteolytic enzymes to break down other cellular structures.
D) Mitochondria from both tissues could be isolated from other cellular components by fractionating tissue homogenate using differential centrifugation followed by density gradient centrifugation.
E) Mitochondria can not be separated from whole cells without damaging them.
Answer: D
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Over a long period of time, you would expect a deleterious mutation to __________ within a large population
A. increase in frequency B. decrease in frequency C. increase or decrease in frequency D. remain at the same frequency
The figure below illustrates that
A. genetic changes in an ancestral Pax6 gene contributed to the evolution of the mammal eye, while the Drosphilia eye arose independently.
B. most animal species have eyes with one photoreceptor and one pigment cell.
C. eye complexity has not significantly increased since the late Triassic when most modern insect families arose.
D. the retina and cornea developed first, but then were secondarily lost in insects such as Drosphilia.
E. although the mammal eye possesses more cell types and greater complexity than the Drosphilia eye, both arose from genetic changes to an ancestral Pax6 gene.
Salt marsh cordgrass is consumed by herbivorous marsh periwinkle snails, which in turn are consumed by blue crabs
Research has shown that cordgrass productivity is controlled ____.
a. indirectly by the abundance of snails b. indirectly by the abundance of snail predators c. directly by the abundance of snail predators d. directly by the availability of nutrients in the salt marsh e. indirectly by the amount of sunlight penetrating the water
Africanized honeybees, also called killer bees, are a concern in the Southwest. They differ from European honeybees ________
a. all of the choices b. in that their venom is 5 to 10 times more potent c. in that they respond more aggressively to their alarm pheromone d. by stinging their target multiple times rather than just once