As a teacher, you will almost inevitably be asked to assign final grades that summarize your students' achievement. Keeping the textbook's discussion of recommended grading practices in mind,
describe four guidelines that you will follow when you assign your grades.
The response should include at least four guidelines consistent with the textbook's discussion of grading in Chapter 10. Examples of appropriate guidelines are these:
• Base grades on achievement.
• Base grades on hard data (e.g., on the results of formal assessments).
• Base grades on assessment instruments that are reliable and standardized and that have content validity for your instructional objectives.
• Base grades on a large number of assessments.
• Share grading criteria with students.
• Keep students continually apprised of their progress.
• Accompany grades with descriptions of what the grades reflect.
• Accompany grades with additional qualitative information about students' performance.
• Assign criterion-referenced grades unless there is a compelling reason to do otherwise.
• Supplement grades with portfolios that reflect students' improvement or the complexity of their achievement.
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Personal reactions to real or imagined threats are an example of a(n) _________ stressor
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
____________ focuses on what children are not able to do; their limitations or what they need, oftentimes to the exclusion of their strengths and abilities
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).