What factor predisposes an infant to fluid imbalances?
a. Decreased surface area
b. Lower metabolic rate
c. Immature kidney functioning
d. Decreased daily exchange of extracellular fluid
ANS: C
The infant's kidneys are functionally immature at birth and are inefficient in excreting waste products of metabolism. Infants have a relatively high body surface area (BSA) compared with adults. This allows a higher loss of fluid to the environment. A higher metabolic rate is present as a result of the higher BSA in relation to active metabolic tissue. The higher metabolic rate increases heat production, which results in greater insensible water loss. Infants have a greater exchange of extracellular fluid, leaving them with a reduced fluid reserve in conditions of dehydration.
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