Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. A large variation ratio is an indication that the majority of cases are not in the modal category.
2. One advantage of the variation ratio as a measure is dispersion is the fact that this measure allows a researcher to determine the exact location of cases that are outside the modal category.
3. A scattering of raw scores far from the mean of a distribution would result in a large standard deviation.
4. It is important to remember when calculating the range that only the actual raw scores are used, not the frequencies of those scores.


1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True

Criminal Justice

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Allen charges have been held unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court.

Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)

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With the _______________ rapist, rape is an attempt to express the person’s virility and sense of dominance over the victim. This offender has a sense of superiority that is based on “hypermasculinity” in which he believes he is entitled to sexual access simply because he is a man. For this offender, rape is an impulsive act of predatory victimization that the female deserves because she is female and is fair game for subjugation.

a. opportunistic b. power assertive c. pedophilia d. containment

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Which of the following theories is not one of those that must be included in an integrated theory of organized crime, according to Braithwaite?

a. Strain theory b. Learning theory c. Labeling theory d. Control theory

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Who pioneered the classical school of criminology?

a. Freud b. Sutherland c. Beccaria d. Hirschi

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