According to the Supreme Court decisions in Bakke, Gratz, and Grutter, what sorts of affirmative action programs for admission to public universities are permissible, and what sorts are not?
Answer:
An ideal response will:
1. Describe how Regents v. Bakke struck down the use of numerical quotas in affirmative action programs, but was not clear about what sorts of programs would be acceptable.
2. Describe how the two University of Michigan cases supported the idea that affirmative action programs can be permissible to achieve racial diversity, which serves a legitimate educational purpose. However, race can be used as only one of many factors, and the university cannot assign specific points based on race.
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