Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. The age–crime curve that explains onset of and desistance from criminal behavior does not apply to gang activity.
2. Several longitudinal studies reveal no association between gang involvement and escalation of delinquency.
3. In Loeber and colleagues’ (2010) pathways model, all youth starting in the authority-conflict pathway will subsequently enter the covert pathway.
4. Each pathway in Loeber and colleagues’ (2010) pathways model contains multiple stages of delinquency and/or criminal behavior.
5. Developmental theories are unique for their attention to group processes and group offending.


1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False

Criminal Justice

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