The nurse is conducting a physical examination of a patient's heart. Where will the nurse place the stethoscope to best assess the S1 heart sound?
1. Left midclavicular line at the fifth intercostal space
2. Left sternal border at the fifth intercostal space
3. Right midclavicular line at the fifth intercostal space
4. Right sternal border at the third intercostal space
1
Rationale 1: S1 is the sound produced by the atrioventricular (AV) valves closing. The apex of the heart is located lower on the left chest wall than the base of the heart. The loudest sounds can be heard over the apex of the heart.
Rationale 2: The SI sound is audible at the left sternal border but would not be as loud as at another site.
Rationale 3: The S1 sound would not normally be audible at this site.
Rationale 4: The S1 sound would not normally be audible at the sternal border.
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1. 6-month-old 2. 18-month-old 3. 3-year-old 4. 4-year-old
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a. personality types. b. psychiatric medications. c. normal growth and development. d. the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic categories.
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Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells represent malignant transformation and proliferation of which of the following?
a. Interleukin (IL)–1, IL-2, IL-5, and IL-6 b. Tumor necrosis factor–beta c. B cells d. T cells