Describe the general organization of the arousal pathways in the brain. What is the role of orexin in sleep and waking?
What will be an ideal response?
There are brain stem arousal centers and forebrain arousal centers that both send projections to the prefrontal cortex, which in turn sends descending projections back to lower brain areas. The brain stem arousal centers have two ascending pathways that terminate in the prefrontal cortex, basal forebrain and hypothalamus: one involves the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (PPT/LDT), which are most active during REM sleep and waking, and one that involves the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, tuberomammillary nucleus, and parabrachial nucleus. The PPT/LDT pathway also sends information to the thalamus. The forebrain arousal centers include the basal forebrain, which desynchronizes EEG and prompts wakefulness, and the lateral hypothalamus. Within the lateral hypothalamus, orexin-releasing neurons reduce REM sleep and prompt waking.
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a. a fear syndrome. b. separation anxiety. c. stranger anxiety. d. a negative attachment.
One frequently used approach to learning styles is Howard Gardner's theory of __________
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Jess works for a corporation as a research psychologist. The corporation recently revised its policies to require that researchers not provide informed consent to participants. The American Psychological Association (APA) would _____
a) understand that her employer's policies take precedence. b) expect her to abide by the APA code of ethics anyway. c) insist she quit her job and sue the company. d) have her arrested.
2008 Vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska, made headlines when it was announced that her unwed 17-year-old daughter, Bristol, was pregnant. According to research, which of the following is now true of the young Miss Palin?
a. She is likely to finish high school so that she can provide for her son. b. She is unlikely to have a sustained, long-term marriage. c. She is unlikely to receive government assistance, since she had the child prior to the age of 18. d. She is likely to work hard to improve her economic status, so that she can provide for her son.