The halo effect is _______________
a. statements that go far beyond what can be justified based on the data or empirical observations that one has
b. making observations in a way that simply reinforces preexisting thinking, rather than attempting to observe in a balanced and critical manner
c. making a judgment or reaching a decision and ending in an investigation, before one has the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards
d. allowing the prior reputation of persons, places, or things to color one's evaluations, rather than attempting to evaluate in a neutral, equal manner
D
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Common laworiginates from usage and custom rather than from written statutes
The term refers to an unwritten body of judicial opinion, originally developed by English courts, that is based on non-statutory customs, traditions, and precedents that help guide judicial decision making. a. True b. False
___________ is/are seen by many correctional administrators as the major barrier(s) to humane housing of offenders
a. Tough laws b. Inept staff c. Crowding d. Cruel and unusual punishment
In a repeated cross-sectional design, when the population is not changing, data are collected at two or more points in time from:
a. The same individuals from the same population b. Individuals in a population that is defined by a common starting point c. Different samples of the same population d. Different individuals in different populations
Which of the following criticisms has been made of the labeling perspective?
a. It fails to consider how labels might affect self-concepts. b. It does not specify the conditions under which a label will be accepted or rejected. c. It spends too much time examining the factors that lead to primary deviation. d. It only explains rule breaking that is secretive and not socially labeled as deviant.