Which of these manifestations, if identified in a 6-year-old patient, should the nurse associate with a possible developmental delay based on Piaget's theory?
a. The child speaks in complete sentences but often talks only about himself.
b. The child still plays with a favorite doll that he has had since he was a toddler.
c. The child continues to suck his thumb.
d. The child describes an event from his own perspective, even though the entire family was present.
C
This is a characteristic of the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years), where schemas become self-initiated activities. For example, the infant who learns that sucking achieves a pleasing result generalizes the action to suck fingers, blanket, or clothing. Successful achievement leads to greater exploration. By age 6, the child is in the preoperational stage of development. The child is expected to be egocentric, even though language ability is progressing. Play becomes a primary means by which children foster their cognitive development; therefore playing with a doll is considered normal at this age. Children see objects and persons from only one point of view—their own—at this stage.
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When a patient inquires how alcohol acts so quickly on his system, the nurse answers that the effect is felt quickly because alcohol is:
a. digested quickly. b. converted to glycogen immediately. c. metabolized into ethanol rapidly. d. excreted in urine slowly.
For a 34-year-old client in renal failure who develops acidosis, the nurse would assess for
a. drowsiness. b. hypoventilation. c. muscle hyperactivity. d. paresthesias.
Sexual education was seldom taught in the United States until:
a. the sexual revolution of the 1960s b. Margaret Sanger's campaign for birth control in the 1920s c. the start of the 1950s d. the HIV and AIDS epidemic in the 1980s
If a nurse administers a liquid medication via the oral route and then realizes it was ordered to be administered via the parenteral route, the nurse should
1. Report it as a medication error. 2. Take no special action because a liquid medication can be administered either way. 3. Log it on the patient's chart but inform the physician of the change in administration. 4. Give another dose via the parenteral route because the incorrectly administered dose will be ineffective.