What is the relationship between theory and each of the following terms:
(a) philosophy
(b) speculation
(c) hypothesis
(d) taxonomy
A. A theory is a set of related assumptions capable of generating hypotheses. As such, it is narrower than a philosophy and more general than a hypothesis.
B. Philosophy deals with what should be, whereas theories are built on scientific evidence. Theory relates to a branch of philosophy called epistemology, or the nature of knowledge, because theory is an essential tool of science, an important means of gaining knowledge.
C. Although theories are built partially on speculation, they do not stem from baseless speculation. Theorists combine scientifically derived data with thoughtful speculation to construct theories that will lead to further scientific experimentation.
D. A useful theory is capable of generating multiple hypotheses, or educated guesses. Scientists can test hypotheses through scientific experimentation, whereas theories are not directly testable.
E. Theories should include a careful taxonomy, or classification system. A taxonomy is merely part of a useful theory. Unlike a theory, a taxonomy is not dynamic; that is, it is not capable of generating hypotheses.
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Dr. Calvin needs just one more participant to complete her experiment. Lisa, a student of Dr. Calvin, has almost completed the experiment when she announces she wants to quit because the experiment is boring. What options does Dr. Calvin have?
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The "Law of the Knife" refers to the phenomenon in which
a. the available tools define the problem b. only top medical students are allowed to specialize in surgery c. surgical instruments must always be sterilized prior to use d. the system of pecking order within a hospital e. the rules set up to govern misbehavior on the part of medical professionals
The advantage of first mention supports Gernsbacher's structure-building framework
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
The textbook suggests that having meaning in one’s life is associated with all of the following EXCEPT
a. increased immune system functioning. b. feelings of flow. c. increased levels of positive emotion. d. increased intelligence.