Cardiac output in children under the age of 5 years is dependent on which of the following factors?
1. Heart rate
2. Preload
3. Contractility
4. Afterload
1
Rationale:
1. Cardiac output in newborns and young children depends primarily on heart rate until the heart muscle is fully developed at 5 years of age.
2. The undeveloped muscle fibers in the myocardium are unable to expand their stretch to increase the ventricular volume or preload.
3. The heart muscle fibers are unable to expand until age 5.
4. The heart muscle is not fully developed until age 5, and cannot alter afterload effectively.
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