A client who is a victim of a penetrating trauma has bowel loops protruding through the abdominal wall. Which of these actions should the nurse take FIRST?
a. Administer narcotics if indicated by pain level expressed by the client.
b. Cover the exposed intestine with saline-soaked gauze.
c. Insert a large-bore intravenous (IV) access.
d. Prepare the client for a peritoneal lavage procedure.
B
Abdominal emergencies can have many causes and can result in multiple injuries. Internal hemorrhage is a potential complication. If loops of intestines are exposed to the outside air, they should be covered with saline-soaked gauze. IV access, oxygen administration, and standard protocol for managing the ABCs are instituted immediately.
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A client asks why a cold pack has been prescribed for an arm injury. What should the nurse explain to the client?
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What are the reconstitution instructions for this medication? 
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