Describe the developmental changes in self-esteem that occur over the preschool, elementary, junior high, and high school years
What will be an ideal response?
A good answer will be similar to the following:
Most preschoolers have very positive views of themselves. During the preschool years, self-esteem is at its highest level. During the elementary-school years, self-esteem usually drops somewhat. This drop may be due to the fact that at this age children begin to compare themselves to their peers and discover that other children do some things better than they do. During the late elementary school years, self-esteem usually stabilizes and neither increases nor decreases. When children make the transitions to junior high school and to high school, there is often a drop in self-esteem as children compare themselves to a new peer group. This drop is usually temporary and as children enter middle and late adolescence, self-esteem frequently increases.
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Which of the following would be a typical interaction between a father and child in middle childhood?
A. Cooking a meal together. B. Attending a teacher conference. C. Taking the child to a doctor's appointment. D. Going out for an ice cream
Which brain region decreases in arousal during REM sleep?
A) amygdala B) brain stem C) prefrontal cortex D) visual association area
Why is it generally easier to extinguish behaviors that have been reinforced on fixed rather than variable schedules of reinforcement?
a) Extinction is built into fixed schedules. b) Reinforcement on fixed schedules is predictable, so it is easier to determine when it has stopped. c) Fixed schedules tend to lead to high rates of behavior, which over time are tiring to participants. d) Low rates of behavior occurring in fixed schedules mean that the rate of behavior is so close to extinction that all it needs is a little push.
Self-monitoring
a. requires the client to record various events and behaviors occurring in their daily life. b. is often used by behaviorally-oriented clinicians to establish base-rates of behavior. c. may not provide accurate information about addictive behavior. d. all of the above