Describe the general neural framework for the control of eating in terms of feeding facilitory and feeding-inhibitory circuits
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: No one area is the final controller of eating. Sensory and motor information from the gut is sent to the brain stem, where basic feeding reflexes are controlled. Forebrain circuits arising from the lateral hypothalamus can act via MCH and orexins to facilitate eating, and this region appears to be sensitive to the orexigenic effects of NPY. Cells within the arcuate nucleus secrete both NPY and agouti-related peptide (AGRP), which acts as an antagonist at MC-4R receptors that normally function to inhibit eating. Thus NPY and AGRP stimulate eating. A common finding is that a specific neuropeptide may exert dual actions: namely, facilitating actions in one pathway (e.g., MCH/orexin) and inhibiting activity in the other pathway (e.g., NPY/AGRP). Leptin can inhibit NPY activity and can activate cells that express CART.
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Because he holds a psychoanalytic orientation, Dr. Powers would suggest that the true reason for his son's interest in becoming an international spy involves
a. a conscious wish to become famous. b. a genetic predisposition for behaving in dangerous ways. c. an unconscious sex drive. d. the conditioned response of fear.
The statement, "Nothing in life can be known for certain" is most likely to be uttered by someone at the ____ stage of reflective judgment
a. initial b. second c. halfway d. last
The owner of a store that buys and sells used books has just purchased one written by a behaviorist. The book is most likely about:
a. a set of learned principles of perception b. how environmental changes effect behavior c. a set of innate principles of perception d. natural selection and adaptation
Which of the following describes biofeedback?
a. Biofeedback techniques provide a direct challenge to operant conditioning. b. Information is received about an organism's own functioning. c. Feedback is received about others' responses to one's behavior. d. Autonomic functioning of an organism is not available though contemporary feedback technology.