The difference-in-differences approach relaxes some of the required assumptions for establishing causality by leveraging what dimension of the empirical setting?
A. Observing repeated observations of the same cross-sectional units over time.
B. Observing multiple cross-sectional units receiving the treatment.
C. Being able to construct an instrument from the first stage difference.
D. Observing a time series for one series.
Answer: A
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Vertebrate skeletons are composed exclusively of rigid elements
A. true B. false
Unlike land plants, green algae do not have
a. chlorophyll b. b. carotenoids. c. embryos. d. diploid generations. e. flagellated cells.
Animals are
A. heterotrophs B. multicellular C. able to move D. All of the above are correct.
Tundra is divided into alpine tundra at the top of mountains and arctic tundra found close to the North Pole. These two biomes have similar plants and animals even though they can be located in vastly different regions of the world. What causes these two biomes to be similar?
Select one: a. Both are found close to coniferous forests. b. One is cold and dry because it is at a high latitude and the other is cold and dry because it is at a high altitude. c. Both are located in areas of intense sunshine. d. One grows mostly grasses because the soil is poor and the other grows mostly grasses because the soil is frozen. e. Both have large grazing herds that keep the grasses clipped short.