Which theory proposes that individuals understand right from wrong, therefore have to rationalize their behavior before they can engage in criminal behavior?
a. Justification theory
b. Neutralization theory
c. Control theory
d. Conflict theory
b. Neutralization theory
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In early England, a system of community policing called the frankpledge developed
a. True b. False
A key actor in field research with whom an ethnographer develops a relationship and who tells about, or informs on, the field is called _____________
a. an informant b. person of authority c. VIP d. gatekeeper e. watchman
According to some research, defendants who are _______________ receive harsher sentences?
a. Young adults b. White c. Female d. High socioeconomic status
Which of the following describes the concept of federalism?
A. retaliation or revenge as punishment for crimes B. application of a higher court’s precedent in lower courts C. decision of jurors after consideration of evidence D. division of power between national government and local governments