Exclusive male parental care is much more prevalent in fish than in mammals because:
a. both male and female fish lactate.
b. fish do not have the option of raising young in a defended nest site or den.
c. fish are less intelligent and so do not develop pair bonds.
d. most fish reproduce by external fertilization while most mammals do not.
e. fish are less likely to live in habitats with high-quality resources.
Ans: d. most fish reproduce by external fertilization while most mammals do not.
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