In modeling and observational learning, reinforcement:
a. is required for any learning to occur.
b. is not always required for learning to occur.
c. must only occur vicariously.
d. must only be self-administered.
ANS: B
FEEDBACK: Bandura pointed out that although reinforcement can facilitate learning, reinforcement is not always required for learning to occur. Many factors other than the reward consequences of the behavior determine what we attend to, retain, and rehearse.
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