Define internal validity in research design. Describe two threats to the internal validity of a research study. (Note: For each threat, be sure to label it, describe it, and be sure to indicate how it specifically is a threat to the internal validity of the design.)
What will be an ideal response?
Internal validity is the degree to which a study allows only one, unambiguous explanation for the results. Threats to internal validity include environmental factors, assignment bias, or any threat specific for studies comparing one group over time. In each case, the threat provides an alternative explanation for any differences that are found between the treatment conditions.
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Gruber and others (2011) found that excessive happiness
a. improves physiological health. b. leads people to be less attentive to threats. c. reduces the likelihood of engaging in risky behavior. d. enhances emotional well-being.
A child with a mathematics disorder would most likely have difficulty with ____
a. reading b. visual-spatial ability c. coordination d. memory
Hannah is collecting pamphlets on various neuropsychological disorders. If she finds the four following pamphlets, she can immediately rule out which one as not being a neuropsychological disorder?
a. ?Amnestic Disorders b. ?Perceptual Disturbances c. ?Dementia d. ?Personality Disorders
Most behavior modification programs use _________
a) the principles of classical conditioning. b) the principles of observational learning. c) the principles of operant conditioning. d) token economies.