What is meant by bidirectional tunneling? Why do you need HA–FA in addition to the HLR–VLR pair? Explain clearly.

What will be an ideal response?


The bidirectional tunneling approach implies that when an MS moves into a
foreign network, a binding update is sent to the HA, which then responses with a
binding acknowledgement. After that, a bidirectional tunnel is created by HA to
the FA that is currently serving the MS and HA encapsulates the packets for the
MS.

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