Professor Johnston has found a strong positive correlation between wearing neckties and the frequency of strokes (r = 0.89). He thinks that the necktie reduces blood flow to the brain, preventing the brain from receiving enough oxygen. Professor Johnston and his associates claim to have proven that wearing neckties causes strokes. What error has Professor Johnston made?
a. An r = 0.89 is not a very large r-value.
b. Professor Johnston is drawing a causal conclusion from correlational findings.
c. Not everyone who wears a necktie wears it very tight.
d. Professor Johnston should know that there are other ways for blood to reach the brain.
B
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In the context of perceptual organization, which of the following statements is true?
A) According to the law of continuity, elements seen moving together are perceived as belonging together. B) According to the law of proximity, we perceive similar objects as belonging together. C) Bottom-up processing is the use of contextual information or knowledge of a pattern to organize parts of the pattern at a given point in time. D) When figure-ground relationships are ambiguous, or capable of being interpreted in various ways, our perceptions tend to be unstable and shift back and forth.
Most acts of discrimination take the form of
a. rewarding ingroup members over outgroup members. b. deliberately blocking outgroups from desired resources. c. engaging in ingroup derogation. d. attempting to lower self-esteem of the outgroup members.
External rewards always reduce intrinsic motivation
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
According to Parmenides, why had earlier philosophers been mistaken about the cosmos?
a. They had relied too much on information from their own senses. b. They had relied too much on rational thought. c. They assumed the cosmos was constant and unchanging. d. They assumed the cosmos was unmoving.