The virulence factors attributed to Listeria monocytogenes include:
A. The organism is a facultative intracellular pathogen
B. Cell attachment factors (internalins), hemolysins (listeriolysin O, two phospholipase Cs), and a protein thatmediates actin-directed motility (ActA)
C. The presence of capsule to resist phagocytosis
D. Only 'A' and 'B'
E. All of the above
Ans: D. Only 'A' and 'B'
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The most effective level of defense against pathogens is the ____ immune system, because it ____
a. innate; recognizes specific pathogens b. adaptive; recognizes specific pathogens c. nonspecific; targets all pathogens d. inflammatory response; is mediated by T cells e. skin; provides a physical barrier against pathogens
Which element of a dideoxy sequencing reaction allows for visualization ofthe DNA sequence?
a. the mixture of the four dideoxyribonucleotides, each with a different fluorescent label b. DNA primer c. the mixture of the four deoxyribonucleotides d. DNA polymerase e. DNA ligase
Voltage-gated channels are:
a. open in a resting neuron but closed during an action potential b. open in a resting neuron and open during an action potential c. closed in a resting neuron but open during an action potential d. closed in a resting neuron and closed during an action potential e. always open
In which environmental conditions can you find microorganisms?
A) low oxygen B) high temperature C) high salt content D) high pressure E) all of these